Sadharana-Asadharana Vyavahara Prakarana (Yajnavalkya)

साधारण-आसाधारणव्यवहारप्रकरणम्

    Counter case or Double case should be avoided during the process of a Case:

अभियोगमनिस्तीर्य नैनं प्रत्यभियोजयेत्।

अभियुक्तं च नान्येन नोक्तं विप्रकृतिं नयेत्।।

While a case is under process, प्रत्यर्थी should not file a case against अर्थी without getting himself free from that case.  At the same time, अर्थी cannot file a second case against his प्रत्यर्थी while the first one is still under process.

    Counter case is admissible

कुर्यात् प्रत्यभियोगं च कलहे साहसेषु च।

Counter case can be filed by प्रत्यर्थी in the cases of Assault, Defamation, Robbery/Violence etc.

    Penalty

मिथ्याभियोगी द्विगुणमभियोगाद्धनं वहेत्।।

When the filed complaint is denied by प्रत्यर्थी by मिथ्या उत्तरम्, but is proved by अर्थी, then, प्रत्यर्थी  has to pay the charged amount to and the same amount to the King as well.  However, if the complaint of अर्थी is proved to be a false one, then, अर्थी has to pay double the charged amount to the King.

    उत्तरम् / Judgement must be immediately given in the following cases:

01	When a murder takes place either by a weapon or by poison
02	When theft takes place
03	When a person is beaten/abused
04	When a cow is stolen
05	When a stern sin is committed
06	When a crime is forcefully committed at the time of losing life/money
07	When a woman is involved in the case

साहसस्तेयपारुष्यगोभिशापात्यये स्त्रियाम्।

विवादयेत् सद्य एव कालोsन्यत्रेच्छया स्मृतः।।

In other cases, उत्तरम् can be given within the agreed time of अर्थी and प्रत्यर्थी or सभ्यः and सभापतिः।

    Body language of the true guilty party/liar:

देशाद्देशान्तरं याति सृक्किणी परिलेढि च।

ललाटं स्विद्यते चास्य मुखं वैवर्ण्यमेति च।।

परिशुष्यत्स्खलद्वाक्यो विरुद्धं बहुभाषते।

वाक्चक्षुः पूजयति नो तथोष्ठौ निर्भुजत्यपि।।

स्वभावाद्विकृतिं गच्छेन्मनोवाक्कायकर्मभिः।

अभियोगेsथ साक्ष्ये वा दुष्टः स परिकीर्तितः।।

01	कर्मविकारः Nervousness In Actions	1.1  Unnecessary movements from one place to the next 1.2  Licking the edges of the lips
02	कायविकारः Nervousness In Body	2.1 Sweating on the forehead 2.2 Face becomes pale 2.3 Biting lips
03	वाग्विकारः Nervousness In Speech	3.1 Voice becomes unclear 3.2 Awkward stumbling in speech 3.3 Uncertainty in giving statements
04	मनोविकारः Nervousness In Mind	4.1 Giving improper reply to others’ questions 4.2 Hesitation to look straight into others’ eyes

          A wise/experienced person can easily judge whether the above body language of a person is natural or caused by nervousness of being a culprit or being a liar; being a witness.

    The following are also considered guilty and deserve punishment:

01	01.1  One who takes independent decision in a disputed case 01.2  One who does not seek the consent of the king 01.3  One who turns the case in his own favour by using his might
02	One who runs off before the judgement is given/before the case is closed
03	Summoned by the king but does not say anything in the court

    If one law is contradicting another:

अर्थशास्त्रात् तु बलवद्धर्मशास्त्रमिति स्थितिः।

स्मृत्योर्विरोधे न्यायस्तु बलवान् व्यवहारतः।।

Generally, Dharmasastra is stronger than Arthasastra.  If two laws are contradicting each other, then, that law is to be enforced which is supported by “nyaya”, as it was supported by our noble ancestors.

A Dharmasastra declares that, a person cannot be excused if he deliberately kills a Brahmin. 

कामतो ब्राह्मणवधे निष्कृतिर्न विधीयते। 

However, an Arthasastra declares that it is not an offence even if a Brahmin with great knowledge of Vedanta is killed, if that Brahmin is an आततायी। 

आततायिनमायान्तमपि वेदान्तपारगम्।

जिघांसन्तं जिघांसीयात् न तेन ब्रह्महा भवेत्।।

Thus, there is a contradiction between these two laws of Dharmasastra and Arthasastra respectively.  However, our noble ancestor, “SriRama” killed Ravana.  Ravana was a Brahmin, but, he was an आततायी। So, this is an exceptional case according to व्यवहारः।

Who is an आततायी?

अग्निदो गरदश्चैव शस्त्रोन्मत्तो धनापहः।

क्षेत्रदारहृतश्चैतान् षड्विद्यादाततायिनः।।

The following six are considered as आततायिनः।

01	अग्निदः	One who tries to burn a person/house
02	गरदः	One who tries to kill by giving poison
03	शस्त्रोन्मत्तः	One who is fanatical with a weapon in his hand
04	धनापहः	One who robs others’ money
05	क्षेत्रहृत्	One who occupies another’s land
06	दारहृत्	One who abducts another’s wife